Verrugas plantares recalcitrantes tratadas exitosamente con sólo una sesión de Láser PDL. A propósito de 3 casos / Recalcitrant plantar warts successfully treated with one PDL session. About 3 cases

Resumen Las verrugas plantares son una patología común en la población. Estas lesiones son a menudo dolorosas y recidivantes. Entre los tratamientos más utilizados están las terapias tópicas destructivas y menos frecuentemente el tratamiento quirúrgico. Sin embargo, con frecuencia recurren, por lo que representan un desafío para el dermatólogo. Presentamos 3 casos de pacientes varones adultos con verrugas plantares recalcitrantes que fueron tratadas exitosamente con una sola sesión de láser PDL, sin recidiva luego de 8 a 12 meses de seguimiento.

Abstract Plantar warts are a common pathology in the population. These lesions are often painful and recurring. Among the most used treatments are topical destructive therapies, and less frequently, surgical treatment. However, they frequently recur, so they represent a challenge for the dermatologist. We present 3 adult males with a recalcitrant plantar wart that were successfully treated with a single PDL laser session, without relapse after 8-12 months of follow-up.

Revisión de los riesgos maternos y perinatales en tiempos de COVID-19: desafíos para el rol de la Matronería / Review of maternal and perinatal risks in times of COVID-19: challenges for the role of Midwifery

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO Una enfermedad nueva, COVID-19, está afectando dramáticamente al mundo. Conocer los riesgos para la salud reproductiva es un imperativo para la práctica obstétrica y ginecológica. Esta investigación analiza los riesgos maternos y perinatales asociados a COVID-19, con el objetivo de identificar desafíos que la enfermedad plantea a la práctica de la matronería. MÉTODOS Revisión narrativa. Se consultaron artículos científicos de fuentes primarias indexados en las bases Scielo, Pubmed, Scope, WOS, mediante los siguientes términos de búsqueda: "embarazo" "transmisión vertical" "salud materna y perinatal", "riesgos maternos y perinatales" "lactancia materna", COVID-19", "Coronavirus". Se realizaron 3 fases de selección. Los tópicos de análisis fueron: Transmisión vertical, Riesgo materno y perinatal, Lactancia materna. RESULTADOS. En mujeres embarazadas las formas severas de COVID-19 se presentan en presencia de enfermedades crónicas. A nivel perinatal el riesgo mayor es el parto prematuro, generalmente por indicación médica y por cesárea. Aunque no hay evidencias de transmisión vertical, tampoco puede descartarse. Los riesgos neonatales se relacionan con el contagio por proximidad y con medidas restrictivas que pueden afectar la lactancia materna y la interacción madre-hija(o). CONCLUSIONES. La COVID-19 aporta varios desafíos para la práctica de la matronería: implementación de métodos de prevención del contagio a la gestante y a su entorno cercano; adecuación de la preparación al parto en caso de positividad; prevención del estrés y desgaste emocional materno desde el inicio de la gestación hasta el postparto; adecuación de cuidados al recién nacido; investigación aplicada en Latinoamérica, y evaluación de nuevos protocolos.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE A new disease, COVID-19, is dramatically affecting the world. Knowing the risks for the reproductive health is an imperative for the obstetric and gynecological practice. This research analyzes the maternal and perinatal risks associated with COVID-19, with the aim of identifying challenges that the disease poses to the practice of midwifery. METHODS Narrative review. Scientific articles from primary sources indexed in Scielo, Pubmed, Scope, and WOS, are consulted by using the following search terms: "pregnancy" "vertical transmission" "maternal and perinatal health", "maternal and perinatal risks" "breastfeeding", COVID-19", "Coronavirus". Three selection phases were carried out. The topics of analysis were vertical transmission, maternal and perinatal risk, breastfeeding. RESULTS In pregnant women severe forms of COVID-19 occur in the presence of chronic diseases. At the perinatal level, the biggest risk is premature delivery, generally for medical indications and by cesarean section. Although there is no evidence of vertical transmission, it cannot be ruled out either. Neonatal risks are related to transmission by proximity and restrictive measures that may affect breastfeeding and mother-child interaction. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 brings several challenges to the practice of midwifery: implementation of methods to prevent infection of the pregnant woman and her close environment; adaptation of birth preparation in case of positivity; prevention of maternal stress and emotional distress from the beginning of pregnancy to postpartum; adequacy of care for the newborn; research in Latin America, and evaluation of new protocols.

Calidad de Vida en el trabajo en profesores de colegios públicos de Concepción, Chile / Quality of Life at work among professors in public colleges in Concepción, Chile / Qualidade de Vida no trabalho em professores de escolas públicas de Concepción, Chile

Objetivo Medir la Calidad de Vida en el trabajo (CVT) y sus factores asociados en profesores de colegios públicos de Concepción, Chile. Método Investigación cuantitativa, transversal, descriptiva. Muestra: 92 profesores. Instrumentos: Se empleó CVT-GOHISALO para evaluar CVT (Alpha de Cronbach 0.952) y un cuestionario biosociodemográfico diseñado por el primer autor. El procesamiento de datos se realizó con SPPS, empleándose Rho-Spearman, Rho-Pearson, ANOVA y pruebas no-paramétricas. Se contó con las autorizaciones de los comités de ética involucrados, así como de la Dirección de Administración de Educación Municipal de Concepción (DAEM), y con el consentimiento informado de los participantes. Resultados Promedio CVT global: 215.8 (DE=43.3), que indica nivel medio de CVT. Promedios CVT por dimensiones: Soporte institucional para el trabajo (SIT)=44.6 (DE=10.2), Seguridad en el trabajo (ST)=30 (DE=11.7), Integración al puesto de trabajo (IPT)=33.4 (DE=6.1), Satisfacción por el trabajo (SPT)=34.9 (DE=6.8), Bienestar logrado a través del trabajo (BAT)=36.6 (DE=5.7), Desarrollo personal (DP)=23.3 (DE=6.4) y Administración del tiempo libre (ATL)=12.7 (DE=4.2). Clasificación CVT por dimensiones: SIT: nivel alto; ST, IPT, SPT y DP: nivel medio; BAT y ATL: nivel bajo. Anova para prexistencia de trastorno en salud mental y CVT global, dimensiones SIT, ST, IPT, SPT, BAT, DP y ATL con valor p=0.000; p=0.000; p=0.017; p=0.005; p=0.000; p=0.001 y p=0.046 respectivamente. Conclusiones Los maestros se encuentran medianamente satisfechos con su CVT; existe asociación entre prexistencia de trastornos en salud mental y baja percepción de CVT. Es fundamental que enfermería vele por adecuadas condiciones laborales de profesores y alumnos con el fin de asegurar una CVT satisfactoria así como mejorar la calidad de la educación impartida.

Objective To assess the Quality of Life at Work (QLW) and associated factors among professors of public colleges in Concepción, Chile. Method This is a quantitative, transversal, and descriptive study using a sample of 92 professors. The CVT-GOHISALO instrument was administered to assess QLW (Cronbach Alpha = 0.952) in addition to a bio-social-demographic questionnaire specifically designed by the first author. Data were analyzed with SPSS calculating Rho-Spearman, Rho-Pearson, ANOVA, and non-parametric tests. The corresponding authorizations from involved ethics committees and the Direction of Management of Municipal Education of Concepcion were obtained as well as the inform consent from all the participants. Results The global average QLW score was 215.8 (SD=43.3), indicating a medium level. The related average scores by dimension were as follows: Institutional Support for Work (ISW)=30 (SD=11.7); Work Security (WS)=30 (SD=11.7); Integration to the Work Position (IWP)=33.4 (SD=6.1); Work Satisfaction (WS)=34.9 (DS=6.8); Wellbeing Achieved from Work (WAW)=36.6 (DS=5.7); Personal Development (PD)=23.3 (SD=6.4); and Free Time Management (FTM)=12.7 (SD=4.2). The QLW classification by dimension is as follows: ISW=high; WS, IWP, WS, and PD=medium; WAW, and FTM=low. ANOVA for pre-existing mental health issues and global QLV, dimensions ISW, WS, IWP, WS, WAW, PD, FTM had p=0.000; p=0.000; p=0.017; p=0.005; p=0.000; p=0.001 and p=0.046 respectively. Conclusions Teachers are satisfied in a medium level regarding their QLW. An association between pre-existing mental health issues and a low perception of QLW was found. It is fundamental that nursing organizations promote adequate working conditions for professors and students in order to foster their satisfaction at work and thus the quality of the education they impart.

Objetivo Medir a Qualidade de Vida no trabalho (CVT) e seus fatores associados em professores de escolas públicas de Concepción, Chile. Método Pesquisa quantitativa, transversal, descritiva. Amostra: 92 professores. Instrumentos: Empregou-se CVT-GOHISALO para avaliar CVT (Alpha de Cronbach 0.952) e um questionário biosociodemográfico desenhado pelo primeiro autor. O processamento de dados realizou-se com SPPS, empregou-se Rho-Spe arman, Rho-Pearson, ANOVA e provas não-paramétricas. Contou-se com as autorizações dos comités de ética envolvidos, assim como da "Dirección de Administración de Educación Municipal de Concepción" (DAEM), e com o consentimento informado dos participantes. Resultados Média CVT global: 215.8 (DE=43.3), que indica nível médio de CVT. Média CVT por dimensões: Suporte institucional para o trabalho (SIT)=44.6 (DE=10.2), Segurança no trabalho (ST)=30 (DE=11.7), Integração ao posto de trabalho (IPT)=33.4 (DE=6.1), Satisfação pelo trabalho (SPT)=34.9 (DE=6.8), Bem-estar atingido a través do trabalho (BAT)=36.6 (DE=5.7), Desenvolvimento pessoal (DP)=23.3 (DE=6.4) e Administração do tempo livre (ATL)=12.7 (DE=4.2). Classificação CVT por dimensões: SIT: nível alto; ST, IPT, SPT e DP: nível médio; BLT e ATL: nível baixo. Anova para preexistência de transtorno em saúde mental e CVT global, dimensões ST, IPT, SPT, BAT, DP e ATL com valor p=0.000; p=0.000; p=0.017; p=0.005; p=0.000; p=0.001 e p=0.046, respectivamente. Conclusões Os professores encontram-se medianamente satisfeitos com sua CVT; existe associação entre preexistência de transtornos em saúde mental e baixa percepção de CVT. É fundamental que a enfer magem garanta adequadas condições laborais de professores e alunos com o fim de segurar uma CVT satisfatória assim como melhorar a qualidade da educação ministrada.

La alta prevalencia de lesiones premalignas gástricas y el bajo rendimiento diagnóstico de la visión endoscópica son argumentos a favor de la toma sistemática de biopsias gástricas por Protocolo Sydney / The high prevalence of gastric premalignant lesions and the low diagnostic performance of endoscopic vision advocate towards a systematic gastric biopsy sampling using Sydney Protocol

Background: Atrophic gastritis (AG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) are stages that appear in the process of gastric carcinogenesis. Their presence requires programmed endoscopic vigilance. Objectives: To determine the frequency of AG and IM in gastric biopsies (GB) taken according to Sydney Protocol and to correlate them with endoscopic findings. Methods: Retrospective descriptive analysis of 233 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies with GB per Sydney Protocol. OLGA (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment) and OLGIM (Operative Link for Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment) scores were calculated based on the GB description. Endoscopic findings were analyzed for atypical findings and compared to the GB report. Statistic analysis for Kappa and ANOVA was performed via Stata 12. Results: Mean age of patients was 58 ± 12 years. 69% were women. The frequency of AG and IM was 44% and 33% in the antrum, 31% and 20% in the angular incisure and 14% and 9% in the body, respectively. AG and IM were more frequent in the antrum (p < 0.05). AG and IM were more severe in the angular incisure and body (p < 0.05). We were unable to calculate OLGA and OLGIM in 6% and 9% of cases, respectively, due to absence of severity description in GB. 53% were OLGA 0, 42% OLGA I-II and 5% OLGA III-IV. 70% were OLGIM 0, 25% OLGIM I-II and 5% OLGIM III-IV. Agreement between endoscopic and histological findings was best for IM in the antrum (75.5%, Kappa 0.4). Sensitivity and specificity of endoscopic findings were 39% and 70% for AG, and 30% and 85% for IM, respectively. Conclusion: AG and IM are frequent findings in our patients. Due to the low endoscopic sensitivity for AG and IM, we suggest a systematic GB sampling using Sydney Protocol in patients over 40 years old.

Introducción: La gastritis crónica atrófica (GCA) y la metaplasia intestinal (MI) son etapas en el proceso de carcinogénesis gástrica, su presencia requiere control endoscópico programado. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de GCA y MI en biopsias gástricas (BG) por protocolo de Sydney y relacionarlas con el hallazgo endoscópico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo mediante revisión de 233 endoscopias digestivas altas con BG por Protocolo Sydney. Se graduó puntaje OLGA (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment) y OLGIM (Operative Link for Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment) según la descripción de la BG. Se definió el hallazgo endoscópico según su informe y se comparó con BG como patrón de referencia. Estadística: Stata 12 para Kappa y ANOVA. Resultados: Edad promedio 58 ± 12 años, 69% mujeres. La frecuencia de GCA y MI en antro fue de 44 y 33%, en ángulo 31 y 20% y en cuerpo 14 y 9%, respectivamente. Hubo mayor frecuencia de GCA y MI en antro (p < 0,05). La graduación de GCA y MI fue mayor en ángulo y cuerpo (p < 0,05). No se obtuvo OLGA en 6% y OLGIM en 9% por ausencia de graduación. La frecuencia de OLGA 0 fue de 53%, OLGA I-II 42%, OLGA III-IV 5%, OLGIM O 70%, OLGIM I-II 25% y OLGIM III-IV 5%. La mejor correlación se observó entre la MI antral endoscópica con la histológica (75,5%, Kappa 0,4). La sensibilidad y especificidad endoscópica fue de 39 y 70% para GCA y 30 y 85% para MI. Conclusión: GCA y MI son hallazgos frecuentes en nuestros pacientes. Por la baja sensibilidad endoscópica en la identificación de GCA y MI sugerimos la toma sistemática de BG por protocolo de Sydney en pacientes mayores de 40 años.

Condiciones de trabajo de los profesionales de enfermería en Chile / Working conditions among nursing professionals in Chile / Condições de trabalho dos profissionais de enfermagem no Chile

Los profesionales de Enfermería conforman un cuantioso estamento profesional que, sin lugar a dudas, cumple un rol esencial en los servicios hospitalarios y de atención primaria. Sin embargo, poco se conoce en torno a sus condiciones laborales y los riesgos ocupacionales que estas implican. Objetivo: Identificar las condiciones de trabajo y las razones por las cuales enferman los profesionales de Enfermería en Chile. Método: Revisión sistematizada de carácter descriptivo y retrospectivo, realizada mediante la búsqueda sistemática según las recomendaciones de la Red en Salud Ocupacional. El universo lo conformaron artículos chilenos que respondieran a los descriptores: enfermería, trabajo, personal de enfermería, condiciones de trabajo, enfermedades laborales y riesgos laborales, cuya búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Web of Science, MEDLINE, La Biblioteca Cochrane, Scopus, SciELO y LILACS. La muestra quedó conformada por un total de 9 artículos, que trataban principalmente las temáticas de burnout , carga mental, malestar psicofisiológico y fatiga. El desarrollo de la presente publicación se enmarcó en los criterios establecidos por Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. Resultados: Los profesionales de Enfermería en Chile se desenvuelven en condiciones laborales marcadas por la carencia de materiales, alta demanda laboral y limitados recursos. Conclusión: Las principales problemáticas asociadas al trabajo llevado a cabo por el personal de Enfermería corresponden a riesgos psicosociales como estrés, fatiga y burnout .

Nursing professionals make a large personnel segment which, doubtless, accomplishes an essential role in hospital and primary attention services. However, little is known about their working conditions and the implied occupational risks. Objective: To identify the working conditions and the reasons why nursing professionals in Chile become sick. Method: This is a systematic review with a descriptive and retrospective character performed through a systematic search in accordance to the Occupational Health Network. The universe was constituted by the Chilean articles which made references to the descriptor words nursing, work, nursing staff, working conditions, occupational diseases, and occupational risks, resulting from the web data searches in Web of Science, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, SciELO, and LILACS. The sample included a total of 9 articles which principally dealt with issues of burnout, mental burden, psycho-physiological discomfort, and fatigue. The development of this publication was framed in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria checklist. Results: Nursing professionals in Chile practice in working conditions marked by the lack of materials, the high demand of services, and the limited resources. Conclusion: The principal problems associated to work among these nurses correspond to psychosocial risks such as stress, fatigue, and burnout.

Os profissionais de enfermagem conformam uma quantia elevada do setor profissional, que sem dúvida cumpre o rolo essencial nos serviços hospitalares e de atenção primária. Porém, pouco se conhece em volta a suas condições laborais e os riscos ocupacionais que estas envolvem. Objetivo: Identificar as condições de trabalho e as razões pelas quais adoecem os profissionais de Enfermagem no Chile. Método: Revisão sistematizada de caráter descritivo e retrospectivo, realizada mediante a busca sistemática segundo as recomendações da Rede em Saúde Ocupacional, o universo o conformaram artigos chilenos que responderam aos descritores: enfermagem, trabalho, pessoal de enfermagem, condições de trabalho, doenças ocupacionais e riscos ocupacionais, cuja busca realizou-se nas bases de dados Web of Science, MEDLINE, a Biblioteca Cochrane, Scopus, SciELO e LILACS. A amostra ficou conformada por um total de 9 artigos que tratavam principalmente das temáticas de burnout, carga mental, malestar psicofisiológico e fatiga. O desenvolvimento da presente publicação enquadrou-se nos critérios estabelecidos por Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Checklist. Resultados: Os profissionais de Enfermagem no Chile desenvolveram-se em condições laborais marcadas pela carência de materiais, alta demanda laboral e limitados recursos. Conclusão: As principais problemáticas associadas ao trabalho realizado pelas enfermeiras/os correspondem a riscos como estresse, fatiga e burnout.

Nefrectomía laparoscópica de donante vivo: experiencia de 75 casos consecutivos / Live donor laparoscopic nephrectomy: experience in 75 cases

Background: Live Donor Laparoscopic Nephrectomy (LDLN) has substantial benefits when compared with open nephrectomy such as shorter hospital stay, prompt return to work, less post-operative pain, better cosmetic results, less blood loss and less surgical wound infections. It is the mode of choice for safely harvesting a kidney for organ transplantation. Aim: To describe the surgical results of LDLN in a pioneer renal transplant center in Chile. Material and Methods: Review of clinical records of 75 subjects aged 27 to 60 years (37 males) subjected to a LDLN in a public hospital between 1998 and 2013. Information about clinical and surgical data and perioperative complications was retrieved. Results: No subject died. All kidneys were satisfactorily implanted in their receptors. The mean operative time was 116 minutes. Mean hospital stay was 1.6 days, warm ischemia time was 6.8 minutes, and cold ischemia time was 31.5 minutes. Operative adverse events occurred in 8 percent. The conversion and reoperation rates were 4 and 1.3 percent, respectively. Among receptors, 1.5 percent evolved with Acute Tubular Necrosis and 2.2 percent required graft excision. Conclusions: LDLN is a safe and pioneering surgical technique in Chile. Its results are satisfactory and comparable to those obtained with classic lumbotomy.

Introducción: El trasplante renal es en la actualidad el tratamiento de elección de la Insuficiencia Renal Crónica Terminal. La Nefrectomía Laparoscópica del Donante Vivo (NLDV) tiene ventajas sustanciales en relación a la Nefrectomía Clásica. Entre estas se destacan una menor estancia hospitalaria, pronto regreso a la actividad laboral, disminución del dolor post-operatorio, mejores resultados cosméticos, menor pérdida de volumen sanguíneo y una disminución de infecciones de heridas operatorias, consolidándose como la primera prioridad como forma de obtener un órgano para trasplante renal. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar la casuística y complicaciones en el Hospital Barros Luco-Trudeau (HBLT), como centro pionero en NLDV en nuestro país. Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se realiza una revisión de registros clínicos de 75 NLDV realizadas entre 1998-2013, seleccionando datos demográficos, clínicos y quirúrgicos de donantes y receptores, con un especial énfasis en relación a complicaciones peri-operatorias. Resultados: Sin mortalidad. Todos los riñones fueron implantados satisfactoriamente en sus respectivos receptores. Cirugía con duración promedio de 116 min, estadía hospitalaria promedio de 1,6 días, isquemia caliente promedio de 6,8 min e isquemia fría promedio de 31,5 min. Incidentes operatorios 8 por ciento y 4 por ciento conducentes a conversión. Tasa de reoperación de 1,3 por ciento. En cuanto a receptores, un 1,5 por ciento desarrolla Necrosis Tubular Aguda. 2,2 por ciento requiere transplantectomía. Discusión: La NLDV representa una técnica segura, que ha llegado a constituir el 100 por ciento de las nefrectomías de donantes vivos realizadas durante los últimos tres años. Los resultados son satisfactorios y plenamente comparables a los resultados obtenidos por lumbotomía clásica y de otros centros de alto volumen laparoscópico a nivel internacional.

Fiebre de Chikungunya: reporte de tres casos del Hospital Naval Almirante Nef / Chikungunya fever: report of three cases from Almirante Nef Naval Hospital

Chikungunya fever is an emerging infection in our country due to travelers to endemic areas. It presents acutely with high fever, fatigue, headache, myalgia, skin rash and arthritis, usually as a symmetric polyarthritis compromising the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints, wrist, elbow, ankle and knee. While most of the symptoms last about a week, arthralgias may become chronic and generate significant functional impairment. Chikungunya has been postulated as a triggering factor for rheumatoid arthritis because of the presence of positive rheumatoid factor. We present the three confirmed cases in Almirante Nef Naval Hospital with the review of the published literature...

La fiebre de Chikungunya es una infección novedosa en nuestro país pues su contagio se produce por viajeros en zonas endémicas. Se presenta generalmente en forma aguda con fiebre alta, astenia, cefalea, mialgia, rash cutaneo y artritis, mayoritariamente como poliartritis simétrica comprometiendo las articulaciones interfalángicas, metacarpofalángicas, muñecas, codos, tobillo y rodillas. Si bien la mayoría de los síntomas duran aproximadamente una semana, las artralgias pueden hacerse crónicas y generar un importante deterioro funcional. Se ha postulado que podría ser un factor gatillante de artritis reumatoide ante la presencia de factor reumatoideo positivo. A continuación se presentan los tres casos confirmados del Hospital Naval Almirante Nef junto a la revisión de la literatura publicada hasta el momento...

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women: first study in a province of Argentina

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of neonatal infections. Our purpose was to characterize GBS colonization in pregnant women, current serotypes, resistance phenotypes and genes associated with virulence. In Misiones, Argentina, there are no previous data on this topic. Vaginal-rectal swabs from 3125 pregnant women were studied between 2004 and 2010. GBS strains were identified by conventional and serological methods (Phadebact Strep B Test, ETC International, Bactus AB, Sweden). Serotypes were detected using Strep-B Latex (Statens Serum Institut, Denmark). Resistance phenotypes were determined by the double-disk test. Genes were studied by PCR. Maternal colonization was 9.38%. Resistance to erythromycin was 11.6%, and the constitutive phenotype was the predominant one. Serotype Ia was the most frequent, whereas serotypes IV, VI, VII and VIII were not detected. The lmb, bca and hylB genes were detected in more than 79% of the strains. In this study, the colonization rate with GBS and the serotype distribution were compared with studies reported in other areas of the country. The high resistance to erythromycin in Misiones justifies performing antibiotic susceptibility testing. The serotype distribution, the genes encoding putative virulence factors, and the patterns of resistance phenotypes of GBS may vary in different areas. They thus need to be evaluated in each place to devise strategies for prevention.

Uso de endoprótesis fenestrada para la reparación de aneurismas aórticos complejos: reporte de dos casos / Fenestrated endografts for the treatment of complex aortic aneurysms: report of two cases

In the last decade endovascular repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysms (EVAR) has become increasingly popular. However, until recently patients with juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (JAAA) or with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAA) were not candidates for EVAR due to the lack of an adequate landing zone to deploy the endograft. Because of considerable morbidity and mortality that traditional open surgery of these aneurysms entail, new endografts with fenestrations and branches have been developed to treat these patients. We present our initial experience with two cases, both male with coronary artery disease considered high-risk for traditional open repair. The first patient has a 4.1 cm sacular JAAA; it is repaired with a fenestrated endograft with branches for both renal arteries (RA), superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and a scallop for the celiac trunk (CT). The second patient has a 5.9 cm TAA with a previous aorto bifemoral bypass; because the CT is chronically occluded it is repaired with a fenestrated endograft with branches for both RA and SMA. In both patients post operative course was uneventful. Follow-up at 11 months and 30 days respectively, show adequate exclusion of the aneurysm with patency of all revascularized vessels. This new therapeutic procedure allows treatment of high-risk patients with complex aortic aneurysms in whom conventional repair entails a prohibitive surgical risk.

La reparación endovascular de un aneurisma aórtico abdominal infrarrenal (EVAR) se ha popularizado en la última década. Sin embargo, hasta ahora los pacientes con aneurisma aórtico abdominal yuxtarrenal (AAAY) o aneurisma aórtico tóracoabdominal (AATA) no eran candidatos a EVAR por ausencia de una zona sana donde apoyar la endoprótesis tubular. La reparación convencional se asocia a una morbimortalidad considerable, por lo que se han desarrollado endoprótesis capaces de acomodar ramas de la aorta que permiten tratar estos aneurismas en forma mínimamente invasiva. Presentamos la experiencia inicial de dos casos, ambos de sexo masculino y portadores de enfermedad coronaria considerados de alto riesgo para cirugía abierta. El primero, portador de un AAAY sacular de 4,1 cm de diámetro; se repara mediante el uso de endoprótesis fenestrada con ramas a ambas arterias renales (AR), arteria mesentérica superior (AMS) y una escotadura para el tronco celíaco (TC). El otro, portador de AATA de 5,9 cm de diámetro, un puente aorto bifemoral previo y TC crónicamente ocluido; se repara con endoprótesis fenestrada con ramas para las AR y AMS. Ambos pacientes presentaron una evolución post operatoria favorable. El seguimiento a 11 meses para el primero y 30 días para el segundo demuestra exclusión del aneurisma y permeabilidad de todas las arterias revasculari-zadas. Este nuevo procedimiento terapéutico abre la posibilidad de tratar pacientes de alto riesgo, portadores de aneurismas aórticos complejos, para los que una alternativa convencional implica un alto riesgo quirúrgico.

Carcinoma verrucoso oral: reporte de un caso clínico y revisión de 20 casos del Instituto de Referencia en Patología Oral (IREPO), Chile / Oral verrucous carcinoma: a case report and review of 20 cases of the Oral Pathology Referral Institute (IREPO), Chile

El carcinoma verrucoso (CV) es una variante rara del carcinoma de células escamosas con características morfológicas y comportamiento específico. El presente estudio relata el caso de una paciente de género femenino, de 68 años de edad, que presenta un carcinoma verrucoso en lengua, indoloro y con 8 meses de evolución. Además, se realizó una breve revisión de casos clínicos del Instituto de Referencia en Patología Oral (IREPO) de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Chile, diagnosticados entre enero de 1984 y octubre de 2010, encontrándose 20 casos, con un promedio de edad de 70 años, localizados con mayor frecuencia en encía inferior y lengua.

Verrucous carcinoma (VC), a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma is an established entity with distinctive morphology and specific clinical behavior. The present study describe a case report of a 68-year-old women who presented a tongue verrucous carcinoma, asymptomatic, that had about 8 months of evolution. A brief review of VC cases diagnosed in Oral Pathology Referral Institute (IREPO), Faculty of Odontology, University of Chile, between 1984 and 2010. It was found 20 cases of verrucous carcinoma with a median age of70-years-old, the most common places were lower gingiva and tongue.

Compromiso pulmonar en síndrome de Sjõgren: caso clínico: [revisión] / Pulmonary involvement in primary Sjõgren's syndrome: a case report: [review]

Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 53 años con historia de aumento de volumen y dolor articular, pérdida de peso y síntomas sicca. El estudio de laboratorio mostró VHS elevada, anemia, linfopenia, hipocomplementemia y autoanticuerpos contra SSA/Ro y SSB/La, compatibles con un síndrome de Sjõgren (SS). Además, la radiografía de tórax mostró múltiples nódulos pulmonares, lo que fue confirmado por una TAC de tórax. El estudio histológico de los nódulos, plasmocitosis y proliferación linfocitaria atípica no demostró linfoma. Es ampliamente conocido que el SS confiere un mayor riesgo de desarrollar sindromes linfoproliferativos, lo que aumenta cuando hay presencia de vasculitis, hipo-complementemia y linfopenia. En este caso clínico el diagnóstico diferencial de la etiología de los nódulos pulmonares fue particularmente difícil. Dado lo anterior, se discute y revisa la literatura disponible acerca de compromiso pulmonar en SS.

We report the case of a 53-year old woman with a history of joint swelling and pain, weight loss and sicca symptoms. The laboratory showed a high ESR, anemia, lymphopenia, low complements and circulating auto-antibodies against SSA/Ro and SSB/La consistent with Sjõgren´s Syndrome (SS). Interestingly, the chest x-ray revealed multiple nodules in both lungs, which were corroborated by CT scan. The histological study of the pulmonary nodules showed plasmocytosis and atypical lymphocytes, but failed to demonstrate lymphoma. It is widely acknowledged that SS confers a high risk of developing lymphoproliferative syndromes, which is increased when vasculitis, low complements and lymphopenia are present. In this case, it was particularly difficult to elucidate the differential diagnosis of lung nodules. Accordingly, we discuss and review the available literature regarding pulmonary involvement in SS.

Tungiasis afecta a un turista chileno / Tungiasis affects a chilean turist

Tungiasis is a cutaneous ectoparasitosis caused by the female sand flea Tunga penetrans whose higher prevalence occurs in Sub-Saharan África, South América and the Caribbean. We report a case of a 23 year old chilean male who presented dermal lesions suggestive of tungiasis on his return from Brazil. The diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy, identifying the arthropod and an egg from one of the lesions. The natural history, co-morbidities and treatment options were reviewed.

La tungiasis es una ectoparasitosis cutánea producida por la hembra de la pulga de arena Tunga penetrans, cuya mayor prevalencia ocurre en África Sub-sahariana, Sudamérica y el Caribe. Comunicamos el caso de un chileno de 23 años que viajó a Brasil y que a su regreso presentó lesiones dérmicas sugerentes de tungiasis. El diagnóstico fue confirmado por una biopsia identificando el artrópodo y un huevo en una de las lesiones. Se revisa la historia natural, las co-morbilidades asociadas y alternativas de tratamiento.

Patogenia de las artropatías seronegativas / Pathogenesis of seronegative arthropathies

Las espondiloartropatías son un grupo de trastornos inflamatorios crónicos que afectan principalmente el esqueleto axial y las articulaciones; se caracterizan por tener factor reumatoide negativo, además de asociarse, frecuentemente, a HLA B27. Muchas veces se acompañan de manifestaciones extraarticulares. Este grupo esta compuesto por cinco patologías: la espondilitis anquilosante, la artritis psoriática, la espondiloartropatía con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, la artritis reactiva, incluyendo la enfermedad de Reiter, y la espondiloartropatía indiferenciada. Estas enfermedades son infrecuentes, estimándose una incidencia de 0,2 a un 1 por ciento; su importancia radica en que con frecuencia la aparición es a temprana edad, pudiendo causar gran invalidez. Hasta el momento se desconoce, con certeza, la patogenia de estas enfermedades, planteándose varias hipótesis, basadas principalmente en la participación de la molécula de histocompatibilidad ya mencionada. Es necesario distinguir entre las distintas patologías que conforman este grupo, ya que muchas veces el tratamiento y el pronóstico son diferentes.

Spondyloarthropathies are a group of chronic inflammatory disorders affecting primarily the axial skeleton and joints; they are characterized by a negative rheumatoid factor, and frequently associated with HLA B27. They are often accompanied by extra-articular manifestations. This group is composed of five diseases: ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, spondylarthropathy with Seronegativasinflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis, including Reiter’s disease, and undifferentiated spondylarthropathy. These diseases are rare, with an estimated incidence of 0.2 to 1 percent; importance lies in that often the onset is at an early age and can cause major disability. So far, the pathogenesis of these diseases is not known with certainty, though several hypotheses have been raised, mainly based on the involvement of the histocompatibility molecule mentioned above. It is necessary to distinguish between the different disorders that make up this group, because treatment and prognosis of each are different.

Patogenia de las citopenias autoinmunes primarias / Primary autoimmune cytopenias

Las enfermedades autoinmunes son trastornos secundarios a una des regulación del sistema inmune; éste pierde la capacidad de autotolerancia, y produce un daño crónico, continuo y progresivo. Son patologías muy diversas y pueden llegar a afectar hasta el 5 por ciento de la población. Pueden ser clasificadas en sistémicas u órgano-especificas, dependiendo si el antígeno reconocido es exclusivo del tejido target. A este grupo de enfermedades corresponden las citopenias autoinmunes, condiciones que se caracterizan por disminución del recuento de glóbulos rojos, plaquetas, leucocitos o la mezcla de ellos. Si bien los mecanismos patogénicos que participan en producción de cada una de ellas son similares, cada la tiene características que la hacen particularmente interesante. De esta manera tenemos que la anemia hemolítica autoinmune (AHAI) en un síndrome clínico que se produce debido a la disminución de glóbulos rojos secundaria a una destrucción exagerada de ellos, mediada por la alteración de la respuesta inmune, en la que los antígenos de la membrana de estas células son reconocidos como extraños por nuestro sistema inmune. La clasificación de la AHA/ está dada por la temperatura óptima de unión entre el anticuerpo y la membrana del glóbulo rojo; de esta forma, tenemos tres grandes grupos: por Anticuerpos calientes (WAHA), por Anticuerpos fríos (CAHA) y Mixtas (mediadas por anticuerpos calientes y frios). El diagnóstico de AHAl se confirma con la demostración de anticuerpos y/o proteínas del complemento en la superficie de los eritrocitos; entre ellos encontramos: Coombs directo y Coombs indirecto, test de Coombs recto anti-lgM , búsqueda de C3b en la membrana del glóbulo rojo y finalmente la prueba cualitativa de Donath-Landsteine Las trombopenias autoinmunes corresponden a un grupo de desórdenes que se caracterizan por tener un recuento plaquetario bajo 150.000, mediado por una alteración del sistema inmune. (3.14) La trombocitopenia autoinmune puede ser...

Autoimmune diseases are disorders secondary to a deregulation of the immune system, which loses the capacity for self-tolerance, resulting in chronic, continuous and progressive damage. These pathologies are very diverse and affect up to 5 percent of the population. They can be classified into systemic or organ-specific, depending on whether the recognized antigen is unique to the target tissue. Autoimmune cytopenias belong to this group of diseases and are characterized by a decreased count of red blood cells, platelets, leukocytes, or a mix of these. While the pathogenic mechanisms involved in the production of each are similar, each has features that make it particularly interesting. We have autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AlHA), which is a clinical syndrome that occurs due to a decreased number of red blood cells secondary to an exaggerated destruction of the same, mediated by an alteration of the immune response, in which the membrane antigens of these cells are recognized as foreign by our immune system. The classification of AIHA is given by the optimum bond temperature between the antibody and red blood cell membrane. There are 3 main groups: warm antibodies(WAHA), Cold antibodies (CAHA) and mixed (mediated by hot and cold antibodies). AIHA diagnosis is confirmed with the demonstration of antibodies and/or complement proteins on the surface of red blood cells, among these are the direct and indirect Coombs test, direct anti-IgM Coombs test, the search for C3b in the membrane of the red cell and, finally, the qualitative Donath-Landsteiner test. Autoimmune thrombocytopenia isassociated with a group of disorders characterized by a platelet count under 150,000, mediated by an alteration of the immune system.(3-14) Autoimmune thrombocytopenia can be classified as primary or secondary, and these, in turn, into acute and chronic, depending on whether they last 6 months or more, respectively. Antibodies that react against the glycoproteins of the plate...

Alta prevalencia de IgG anti citomegalovirus en 583 embarazos: Hospital Padre Hurtado / High prevalence of IgG anti cytomegalovirus in 583 pregnancies: Hospital Padre Hurtado

ANTECEDENTES: Citomegalovirus (CMV) es la infección congénita más frecuente, demostrado en el 1% de recién nacidos en países desarrollados. Es la primera causa de sordera y alteraciones del desarrollo neuro-lógico infantil. Recientes estudios han demostrado que la seropositividad no evita una reinfección materna ni la enfermedad congénita, por lo que la caracterización de la seroprevalencia permite saber si la infección congénita proviene mayoritariamente de primoinfección o de reinfección. OBJETIVOS: Conocer la seroprevalencia al parto en 583 mujeres beneficiarías del Hospital Padre Hurtado durante mayo y junio del 2006. MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, en que se estudio la presencia de IgG anti CMV en sangre materna al parto. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo una seroprevalencia de 95%, sin casos de infección sintomática al nacer. CONCLUSIÓN: La seroprevalencia es elevada, lo que sugiere que la reinfección sería la forma principal de infección congénita. Un estudio en recién nacidos con cultivos virales o PCR permitiría conocer la tasa de infección congénita real, y no un estudio basado en seroconversión pues omitiría todos los casos que reinfección, que serían mayoritarios.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus is the most frequent congenital infection, affecting 1% of the population in developed countries, and the leading cause of deafness and brain development abnormalities in children. Recent studies have demonstrated that seropositivity do not avoid reinfection and congenital disease. OBJECTIVE: To study the seroprevalence in 583 pregnant women at delivery at Padre Hurtado Hospital, during 2006. METHODS: Prospective, observational study, in which maternal blood at delivery was studied for the presence of anti CMV IgG. RESULTS: There was 95% seroprevalence, without any case of symptomatic infection. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence supports that most of the cases of congenital disease would occur in seropositive women, supporting that reinfection is the main way of neonatal compromise. This supports that a study with direct detection in liveborns would be suitable to reveal the impact of cytomegalovirus in our population and not that of seroconversión.

Antibiotic susceptibility patterns and prevalence of group B Streptococcus isolated from pregnant women in Misiones, Argentina / Sensibilidade a antibióticos e prevalência de Streptococcus do grupo B em mulheres grávidas em Missiones, Argentina

This study was performed to determine the susceptibility patterns and the colonization rate of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) in a population of pregnant women. From January 2004 to December 2006, vaginal-rectal swabs were obtained from 1105 women attending Dr. Ramón Madariaga Hospital, in Posadas, Misiones, Argentina. The carriage rate of GBS among pregnant women was 7.6 percent. A total of 62 GBS strains were randomly selected for in vitro susceptibility testing to penicillin G, ampicillin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, vancomycin, rifampicin, trimethoprim-sulfametoxazol, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, clindamycin and erythromycin, and determination of resistance phenotypes. No resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, and vancomycin was found. Of the isolates examined 96.8 percent, 98.3 percent, 46.8 percent, and 29.0 percent were susceptible to rifampicin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfametoxazol and tetracycline, respectively. Rank order of susceptibility for the quinolones was: gatifloxacin (98.4 percent) > levofloxacin (93.5 percent) > ciprofloxacin (64.5 percent). The rate of resistance to erythromycin (9.7 percent) was higher than that of other reports from Argentina. High-level resistance to gentamicin was not detected in any of the isolates. Based on our finding of 50 percent of GBS isolates with MIC to gentamicin equal o lower than 8 µg/ml, a concentration used in one of the selective media recommended for GBS isolation, we suggested, at least in our population, the use of nalidixic acid and colistin in selective media with the aim to improve the sensitivity of screening cultures for GBS carriage in women.

Esse estudo objetivou determinar os padrões de sensibilidade a antibióticos e as taxas de colonização de Streptococcus do grupo B (GBS) em uma população de mulheres grávidas. Entre janeiro de 2004 e dezembro de 2006, foram obtidos swabs vaginais-retais de 1105 mulheres no Hospital Dr. Ramon Madariaga, em Posadas, Missiones, Argentina. A positividade para GBS nas mulheres grávidas foi 7,6 por cento. Um total de 62 cepas de GBS foi selecionado ao acaso para testes in vitro de sensibilidade a penicilina G, ampicilina, tetraciclina, levofloxacina, gatifloxacina, ciprofloxacina, quinupristina-dalfopristina, linezolida, vancomicina, rifampicina, trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, nitrofurantoína, gentamicina, clindamicina e eritromicina, e determinação dos fenótipos de resistência. Não foi encontrada resistência à penicilina, ampicilina, quinupristina-dalfopristina, linezolida e vancomicina. Entre as cepas, 96,8 por cento, 98,3 por cento, 46,8 por cento e 29,0 por cento foram sensíveis à rifampicina, nitrofurantoína, trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol e tetraciclina, respectivamente. Para as quinolonas, a ordem de sensibilidade foi: gatifloxacina (98,4 por cento) > levofloxacina (93,8 por cento) > ciprofloxacina (64,5 por cento). A taxa de resistência à eritromicina (9,7 por cento) foi superior a de outros relatos na Argentina. Nenhuma das cepas apresentou alto nível de resistência à gentamicina. Devido a 50 por cento das cepas de GBS terem apresentado MIC para gentamicina igual ou inferior a 8 mg/ml, correspondente à concentração usada em um dos meios seletivos recomendados para GBS, sugeriu-se ao menos em nossa população, o emprego de ácido nalidíxico e colistina em meios seletivos para melhorar a sensibilidade da triagem de culturas para GBS em mulheres grávidas.

Síndromes autoinflamatorios / Autoinflammatory syndromes

Los síndromes autoinflamatorios (SAI) se caracterizan por periodos recurrentes de inflamación no mediada por anticuerpos ni linfocitos T y sin desencadenantes conocidos. Investigaciones acerca de alteraciones en la regulación del inflamasoma, la producción anómala de interleukina-1 beta (IL - 1B) y el rol del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-a) que ocurre en algunas de estas enfermedades, han permitido ampliar el conocimiento sobre los mecanismos de activación de la inmunidad innata y el uso de terapias biológicas como alternativas de tratamiento.

Autoinflammatory syndromes (AIS) are characterized by recurrent periods of inflammation, not mediated by antibody and T lymphocytes and without triggers known. Investigations about alterations in regulation of inflammasome, abnormal production of interleukin-1 beta (IL - 1b) and the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) that occurs in some of these diseases, has improved knowledge about the mechanisms of activation of innate immunity and the use of biological therapies such as treatment options.

Linfangioma cervical cavernoso en un gemelo: analísis crítico del diagnóstico y manejo perinatal / Cervical lymphangioma in a twin: prenatal diagnosis and perinatal management

Los tumores fetales son hallazgos infrecuentes y muchas veces no diagnosticados prenatalmente. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar y discutir en forma critica el diagnostico y manejo prenatal de un gemelo portador en un linfangioma cervical cavernoso, incluyendo el procedimiento EXIT.

Fetal cervical tumors are uncommon, and not always prenataly diagnosticated. We describe the prenatal findings and prenatal management in a case of cervical cavernous lymphangioma in one twin, including EXIT procedure.

CAS role in the brain apoptosis of Bufo arenarum induced by cypermethrin

CAS might have a key role in the apoptosis induced by toxins, acting as anti-apoptotic factor, stimulating the cellular proliferation and the cell contact stabilization. To start to elucidate their role in the brain apoptosis of Bufo arenarum induced by cypermethrin (CY), the expression patterns of CAS and several cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) were established. Bufo arenarum tadpoles of the control and acute bioassay survival at different doses (39, 156, 625 and 2,500 microg CY/L) and times (24, 48, 72 and 96 h) of CY treatment were fixed in Carnoy, embedded in paraffin and sectioned. CAS and CAMs expression was determined by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, respectively. When the bioassay starts, CAS increases suggesting a proliferative or regenerative effect, but decreases when the doses and/or the bbiocide exposure time increases, suggesting compromise of the cellular cycle control and trigger of an apoptotic wave. However, these neurotoxic mechanisms should not involve degradation of N-cadherin and alpha-catenin, in contrast of beta-catenin and axonal N-CAM180, at least in the initial apoptotic phase. Additionally, an adhesion compensatory mechanism by N-CAM180 is observed in the neuron cell body. These results suggest a dual role of CAS in the cellular cycle control during the CY-induced apoptosis: induction of cell proliferation and stabilization of the cell-cell junctions by modulating CAMs expression.